Analog filter with passive components for discrete time signals

ABSTRACT

A filter intended to receive a discrete time signal at a sampling clock frequency, comprising a determined number, greater than 2, of filtering units, each filtering unit comprising head capacitors in a number equal to the determined number, assembled in parallel between an input terminal and the terminal of an integration capacitor; and means for connecting, in successive clock cycles in a number equal to the determined number, successively each head capacitor to the input terminal, and for then simultaneously connecting the head capacitors to the integration capacitor, and in which the successive clock cycles during which the head capacitors of a filtering unit are connected to the input terminal are offset by one clock cycle from one filtering unit to the next one.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority from French patent application No. 04/52279, filed Oct. 6, 2004 which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the present invention relate to analog filters for discrete time signals. A discrete time signal is a signal obtained, for example, by sampling an initial analog signal at a determined sampling frequency, and thus corresponding to a sequence of samples of the analog signal not yet converted into binary.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

In signal processing, it may be desirable to perform a filtering operation on a discrete time signal obtained before the discrete time signal is converted into binary. Such a filtering operation enables, for example, limiting the bandwidth of the discrete time signal, especially to avoid aliasing of the signal spectrum when a decimation is performed on the discrete time signal samples before analog-to digital conversion. The filtering also enables eliminating the wide-band noise which is within the band of interest, or eliminating unwanted high-amplitude frequency components, as can be the case for a radio receiver.

The filtering of a discrete time signal may be performed by an active analog filter with switched capacitances. Such are for example the filters described in publication “Design Techniques for MOS Switch Capacitor Ladder Filters” of G. M. Jacobs et al., IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. CAS-25, December 1978, pages 1014-1021. However, such filters use operational amplifiers, which may be disadvantageous, especially for systems for which the power consumption must be as low as possible or for which the sampling frequency is high, as is for example the case for radio receivers.

It is thus desirable to use a filter with passive components only. As an example, a filter performing a running means over the last samples of the discrete time signal generally provides an efficient filtering. Such a filter is called a SINC filter, since the expression of the Fourier transform of the filter is dose to a sinc x.

US patent application 2003/0083033 filed by Texas Instruments Company describes a device for processing a discrete time signal performing a decimation operation, only comprising passive components and comprising a SINC filter placed before a decimation unit, which is itself followed by a single-pole filter.

Even though such a filter enables partly limiting the filter aliasing, the attenuation obtained by the SINC filter at aliasing frequencies may be insufficient for certain applications. Further, the single-pole filter provided downstream of the decimation unit comes too late, since, due to the decimation operation, the spectrum aliasing of the signal provided by the SINC filter has already occurred.

In particular, for applications for cellular receivers, such as receivers of GSM type (Global System for Mobile Communications) or of WCDMA type (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), it is necessary to provide a sufficient attenuation of the frequencies likely to alias in a decimation operation, which can generally only be obtained via a single SINC filter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention aims at providing an original analog filter structure for a discrete time signal enabling easier forming of any finite pulse response filter and of almost any infinite pulse response filter.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a filter intended to receive, on an input terminal, a discrete time signal at a sampling clock frequency, comprising at least one filtering stage comprising a determined number, greater than 2, of filtering units, each filtering unit comprising head capacitors in a number equal to the determined number, assembled in parallel between the input terminal and the terminal of an integration capacitor connected to an output terminal of the filtering stage; and means for connecting, in successive clock cycles in a number equal to the determined number, successively each head capacitor to the input terminal, and for then simultaneously connecting the head capacitors to the integration capacitor, and in which the successive clock cycles during which the head capacitors of a filtering unit are connected to the input terminal are offset by one clock cycle from one filtering unit to the next one.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises means for successively connecting each integration capacitor to the output terminal at the sampling frequency.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter further comprises, for each filtering unit, a decimation stage connected to the output terminal of the filtering stage, and comprises a capacitor, the filtering stage comprising means for simultaneously connecting the integration capacitors to the capacitor of the decimation stage.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises, for each filtering unit, means for setting to a determined constant value the charge stored in each head capacitor after the head capacitors are connected to the integration capacitor.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the capacitances of the head capacitors are identical for all filtering units, said filtering stage performing an unweighted running means filtering.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises, for each filtering unit, means for setting to a determined constant value the charge stored in the integration capacitor after the integration capacitor is connected to the output terminal.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, for each filtering unit, the capacitances of the head capacitors are different, the filtering units being identical, said filtering stage performing a weighted running means filtering.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises, for at least one head capacitor of each filtering unit, means for, when said head capacitor is connected simultaneously with the other head capacitors of the filtering unit to the integration capacitor of the filtering unit, providing the integration capacitor with the inverse of the charge of the head capacitor.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises a single additional capacitor comprising a terminal connected to the input terminal and another terminal connected to a reference voltage source, the charge stored in the single additional capacitor being not set back to a determined constant value during the filter operation.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises, for each filtering unit, an additional capacitor assembled in parallel with the head capacitors, and means, during all the successive clock cycles in which the head capacitors are connected to the input terminal, for connecting the additional capacitor to the input terminal, the charge stored in the additional capacitor being not set back to zero after the head capacitors are connected to the integration capacitor.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the filter comprises, for each filtering unit, auxiliary head capacitors in a number equal to the determined number, assembled in parallel between the input terminal and the terminal of an auxiliary integration capacitor connected to an auxiliary output terminal of the filtering stage; and means for, in the successive clock cycles in a number equal to the determined number which follow the successive clock cycles in which the head capacitors are connected to the input terminal, successively connecting each auxiliary head capacitor to the input terminal, and for then simultaneously connecting the auxiliary head capacitors to the auxiliary integration capacitor.

The foregoing features and advantages of the present invention, as well as others, will be discussed in detail in the following non-limiting description of specific embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically shows some components of a radio receiver,

FIG. 2 shows an example of the forming of a filter according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows timing diagrams of control signals of the filter of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 4 to 7 show alternative filters according to other embodiments of the present invention; and

FIGS. 8 and 9 show examples of the forming of circuits enabling modifying the transfer function of the filter according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. Various modifications to the embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Embodiments of the present application will be described for an analog discrete time signal filter used in a radio reception application. However, as will be specified in further detail hereafter, embodiments of the present invention may apply to the forming of any type of discrete time signal analog filter.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a radio receiver 10 comprising an antenna 12 providing a high-frequency modulated analog signal to a band-pass filter 14 which performs a first rough filtering on the modulated signal. The filtered signal is sent to a low-noise amplifier 16 (LNA). The amplified signal provided by low-noise amplifier 16 is sent to a sampler 18 which provides, at a sampling frequency f_(S), a discrete time signal formed of a series of samples of the amplified signal. The sampling operation simultaneously enables transfer of the signal in baseband. The sampled values are provided to a filtering and decimation unit 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention, which will be described in further detail hereafter and which performs both a filtering operation and a decimation operation. The sub-sampled filtered discrete time signal provided by filtering and decimation unit 20 is sent to an amplifier 22. An analog-to-digital converter 24 (ADC) receives the amplified signal provided by amplifier 22 and provides digital values to a digital signal-processing unit 26 (DSP).

In the present embodiment, a filter performs a running means, at the P-th order (that is, cascaded P times), over the last M samples of the signal sampled at sampling frequency f_(S). Integer M corresponds to the filter wavelength at order 1. The transfer function of such a filter is the following:

${H(z)} = {\left( {1 + z^{- 1} + z^{- 2} + \ldots + z^{{- M} + 1}} \right)^{P} = {\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{M - 1}z^{- 1}} \right)^{P} = \left( \frac{1 - z^{- M}}{1 - z^{- 1}} \right)^{P}}}$

This corresponds to the following Fourier transform:

${H(f)} = \left( {{\mathbb{e}}^{{- j}\;{\pi{({M - 1})}}{f/f_{s}}}\frac{\sin\left( {\pi\;{{Mf}/f_{S}}} \right)}{\sin\left( {\pi\;{f/f_{S}}} \right)}} \right)^{P}$

The Fourier transform being close to a sinc x elevated to power P, such a filter is called a SINC filter of order P.

This embodiment of the present invention provides an original filter stage structure, which will be called hereafter the general filter stage. Each general filter stage performs, in the present a SINC filtering of order 1 over the last M samples of the discrete time signal. To obtain a filter of order P, it is enough to arrange P general filter stages in cascade.

However, in the present embodiment filtering and decimation unit 20 enables performing, simultaneously to the filtering operation, a decimation operation. In this case, the decimation ratio, corresponding to the number of input samples for one output sample, is equal to the length of the elementary filter of order 1, that is, M. For this purpose, filtering and decimation unit 20 is formed of P stages in cascade, the P−1 first stages each corresponding to a specific stage which will be called the decimation terminal hereafter. Further, for such a unit 20 which also performs a decimation operation, the penultimate filter stage, having a structure corresponding to that of a general filter stage, is controlled in a specific way with respect to the other general filter stages.

More generally, to form a SINC filter of order 1 performing no decimation operation, a single stage corresponding to the general filter stage is used. To form a SINC filter of order 2 performing a decimation operation, two stages are used, a first specifically-controlled general stage and a terminal decimation stage. To form a SINC filter of order 3 performing a decimation operation, three stages are used, a conventionally-controlled general filter stage, a general filter stage specifically controlled for the decimation operation, and a terminal decimation stage.

FIG. 2 shows an example of the forming of a filtering and decimation unit 20 for which P=2 and M=4 adapted to performing, simultaneously to the filtering operation, a decimation operation according to one embodiment of the present invention.

In FIG. 2, a current source/which corresponds, for example, to the last stage of low-noise amplifier 16 of FIG. 1 has been shown. Current source I delivers a current having an intensity proportional to the amplitude of the analog signal to be processed. A switch SW_(RF), controlled by a signal S_(RF), is provided between current source I and unit 20 according to this embodiment of the present invention. Switch SW_(RF) corresponds to sampler 18 of FIG. 1. Signal S_(RF) corresponds to a square signal having, as a frequency, sampling frequency f_(S).

Unit 20 comprises a first stage 30 having a structure corresponding to the structure of the general filter stage and a second stage 32 corresponding to the terminal decimation stage. Unit 20 comprises an input terminal IN and an output terminal OUT. First stage 30 comprises M filtering units designated as F_(i), i being an integer varying from 0 to M−1. Filtering units F_(i) are identical. Each filtering unit F_(i) comprises a main unit M_(i) and an auxiliary unit A_(i) which have identical structures. Main unit M_(i) comprises M head capacitors C_(Hi,j), j being an integer varying from 0 to M−1. The capacitances of capacitors C_(Hi,j) are identical. Each capacitor C_(Hi,j) has a first terminal connected to a reference voltage, for example, ground GND, and a second terminal connected to a first terminal of a switch SW_(i,2j). The second terminals of switches SW_(i,2j) are connected in common to input terminal IN of unit 20. Each switch SW_(i,2j) is controlled by a control signal S_(i,2j). A junction point of capacitor C_(Hi,j) and the associated switch SW_(i,2j) is connected to a first terminal of a switch SW_(i,2j+1), controlled by a control signal S_(i,2j+1). The second terminals of switches SW_(i,2j+1) are connected in common to a first terminal of a capacitor C_(Ii,0) having its second terminal connected to reference voltage GND. The first terminal of capacitor C_(Ii,0) is connected to a first terminal of a switch SW_(i,4M), controlled by a control signal S_(i,4M). The second terminals of switches SW_(i,4M), with i ranging from 0 to M−1, are connected to a node N₁.

Auxiliary unit A_(i) has the same structure as main unit M_(i). For j varying from 0 to M−1, each reference switch SW_(i,2j), S_(i,2j), SW_(i,2j+1), and S_(i,2j+1) used for main unit M_(i) is respectively replaced with references SW_(i,2M+2j), S_(i,2M+2j), SW_(i,2M+2j+1), and S_(i,2M+2j+1) for auxiliary unit A_(i). Further, reference C_(Ii,0) used for main unit M_(i) is replaced with reference C_(Ii,1) and references SW_(i,4M) and S_(i,4M) are respectively replaced with references SW_(i,4M+1) and S_(i,4M+1). The second terminals of switches SW_(i,4M+1) are connected to a node N₂.

Terminal decimation stage 32 of unit 20 comprises a capacitor C_(T0) having a first terminal connected to node N₁, and a second terminal connected to reference voltage GND. The first terminal of capacitor C_(T0) is connected to a first terminal of a switch SW_(M,0), controlled by a control signal S_(M,0), and having its second terminal connected to terminal OUT of unit 20. Terminal decimation stage 32 comprises a capacitor C_(T1) having a first terminal connected to node N₂, and a second terminal connected to reference voltage GND. The first terminal of capacitor C_(T1) is connected to a first terminal of a switch SW_(M,1), controlled by a control signal S_(M,1), having its second terminal connected to output terminal OUT of unit 20.

Unit 20 according to this embodiment of the present invention comprises means, not shown, for setting to zero or to a constant non-zero quiescent value the charge stored in each capacitor.

The operating principle of first stage 30 of unit 20 according to this embodiment of the present invention will now be described. The current provided by current source I is transmitted to terminal IN of unit 20 by switch SW_(RF) for one half-period 1/(2f_(S)) at sampling frequency f_(S). For each filtering unit F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, switches SW_(i,2j), with j varying from 0 to M-1, are controlled so that, on each turning-on of switch SW_(RF), a capacitor C_(Hi,j), with j varying from 0 to 2M−1, is connected to terminal IN. The current provided by current source I is then integrated in the capacitor C_(Hi,j) connected to terminal IN. A current-to-charge conversion (or, equivalently, a current-to-voltage conversion) is thus obtained. The resulting processing over the initial analog signal thus amounts to a SINC filtering, for which the lobes of the frequency response have a width 2f_(S), followed by a sampling and by a maintaining of the sampled value. The bandwidth of the initial analog signal being generally much smaller than f_(S), such a processing has practically no effect upon the obtained signal. The storage of a sample of the initial analog signal at the level of capacitor C_(Hi,j) is thus obtained.

For each filtering unit F_(i), capacitors C_(Hi,j), with j varying from 0 to M−1, of main unit M_(i) are used to store M successive samples of the initial analog signal. Capacitors C_(Hi,M+j), with j varying from 0 to M−1, of auxiliary unit A_(i), are then used to store the next M samples of the initial analog signal. While M samples are stored at the level of auxiliary unit A_(i), the M samples previously stored at the level of main unit M_(i) are simultaneously provided to capacitor C_(Ii,0) which performs an integration over the M stored samples. Similarly, when M samples are stored at the level of main unit M_(i), the M samples previously stored at the level of auxiliary unit A_(i) are simultaneously provided to capacitor C_(Ii,1) which performs an integration over the M stored samples. Each filtering unit F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, operates similarly, but with an offset of one sampling period between each filtering unit F_(i). Since the M filtering units F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are offset by one sampling period, integration capacitors C_(Ii,0) are capable of providing new filtered values at the sampling frequency. This thus generally corresponds to the performing of a running means of length M with no decimaton.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a detailed timing diagram of the control signals of the switches of unit 20 of FIG. 2 which illustrates the foregoing description. Times t₀ to t₂₃ represent successive times. It is considered hereafter that a switch is on when the corresponding control signal is high, and that it is off when the control signal is low. The following description more specifically illustrates the operation of filtering unit F₀.

At time t₀, switch SW_(0,0) is on, causing the integration in capacitor C_(H0,0) of the current provided to input terminal IN. Switches SW_(0,2), SW_(0,4), and SW_(0,6) are off. Similarly, switches SW_(0,1), SW_(0,3), SW_(0,5), and SW_(0,7) are off. Switches SW_(0,8), SW_(0,10), SW_(0,12), and SW_(0,14) are off and switches SW_(0,9), SW_(0,11), SW_(0,13), and SW_(0,15) are on, causing the sharing of the charges stored in capacitors, C_(H0,4), C_(H0,5), C_(H0,6), and C_(H0,7) and integration capacitor C_(I0,1). The charge finally stored at the level of capacitor C_(I0,1) is thus representative of the average of the four charges stored in capacitors C_(H0,4), C_(H0,5), C_(H0,6), and C_(H0,7).

At time t₁, switches SW_(0,9), SW_(0,11), SW_(0,13), and SW_(0,15) are off. Switch SW_(0,0) is off, while switch SW_(0,2) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,1). Simultaneously, the charges stored by capacitors C_(H0,4), C_(H0,5), C_(H0,6), and C_(H0,7) are set back to zero.

At time t₂, switch SW_(0,2) is off and switch SW_(0,4) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,2).

At time t₃, switch SW_(0,4) is off and switch SW_(0,6) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,3).

At time t₄, switch SW_(0,8) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,4). Simultaneously, switches SW_(0,1), SW_(0,3), SW_(0,5), and SW_(0,7) are on, causing the sharing of the charges stored in capacitors, C_(H0,0), C_(H0,1), C_(H0,2), and C_(H0,3) and integration capacitor C_(I0,0). The resulting charge stored in capacitor C_(I0,0) is thus representative of the average of the four charges stored in capacitors C_(H0,0), C_(0,1), C_(H0,2), and C_(H0,3).

At time t₅, switch SW_(0,8) is off and switch SW_(0,10) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,5). Simultaneously, the charges stored by capacitors C_(H0,0), C_(H0,1), C_(H0,2), and C_(H0,3) are set back to zero.

At time t₆, switch SW_(0,10) is off and switch SW_(0,12) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,6).

At time t₇, switch SW_(0,12) is off and switch SW_(0,14) is on, causing the integration of the current provided by current source I in capacitor C_(H0,7).

From time t₈ to time t₁₅ and from time t₁₆ to time t₂₃, the switches associated with filtering unit F₁ are controlled according to the same sequence as that implemented from time t₀ to time t₇.

The switches associated with filtering units F₁ to F₃ are operated according to the same sequence as the switches associated with filtering unit F₀, but with an offset of one sampling clock cycle with respect to one another. That is, the switches associated with filtering unit F₁ are controlled with an offset of one sampling clock cycle with respect to filtering unit F₀. As an example, from time t₁ to time t₈, the switches associated with filtering unit F₁ are controlled according to the same sequence as that implemented for the corresponding switches of filtering unit F₀ from time to t₀ time t₇. The switches associated with filtering unit F₂ are actuated with an offset of two sampling clock cycles with respect to filtering unit F₀. As an example, from time t₂ to time t₉, the switches associated with filtering unit F₂ are controlled according to the same sequence as that implemented for the switches corresponding to filtering unit F₀ from time t₀ to time t₇. The switches associated with filtering unit F₃ are operated with an offset of three sampling clock cycles with respect to filtering unit F₀. As an example, from time t₃ to time t₁₀, the switches associated with filtering unit F₃ are controlled according to the same sequence as that implemented for the corresponding switches of filtering unit F₀, from time t₀ to time t₇.

For each filtering unit F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, each integration capacitor C_(Ii,0) performs a sum over M successive samples, followed by decimation of ratio M, that is, it integrates M samples and provides the result, then integrates M other successive samples and provides the new result, etc. However, there is an offset of one sample between integration capacitor C_(I1,0) and integration capacitor C_(I0,0), an offset of two samples between integration capacitor C_(I2,0) and integration capacitor C_(I0,0), and an offset of three samples between integration capacitor C_(I3,0) and integration capacitor C_(I0,0). Thus, for M successive sampling clock cycles, M new values are respectively stored in integration capacitors C_(Ii,0), with i varying from 0 to M−1. The operation so obtained thus corresponds to a running means of length M with no decimation. For the next M sampling clock cycles, the same operation is obtained with integration capacitors C_(Ii,1), with i varying from 0 to M−1.

In more detailed fashion for filtering unit F₀, at time t₄, as described previously, switches SW_(0,1), SW_(0,3), SW_(0,5), and SW_(0,7) are on. Capacitors C_(Ii,0), C_(H0,1), C_(H0,2), C_(H0,3), and C_(I0,0) thus share their charge. The final charge stored in capacitor C_(I0,0) is thus proportional to the sum of the charges stored in the four capacitors C_(H0,0), C_(H0,1), C_(H0,2), and C_(H0,3). The sum of four successive samples is thus performed. Simultaneously (and possibly during the next three sampling clock cycles), switch SW_(0,17) is on. The charge stored in capacitor C_(I0,1) is then read, then set back to zero. Four sampling clock cycles later, at time t₈, switches SW_(0,9), SW_(0,11), SW_(0,13), and SW_(0,15) are on. Capacitors C_(H0,4), C_(H0,5), C_(H0,6), C_(H0,7), and C_(I0,1) thus share their charge. The charge stored in capacitor C_(I0,0) is thus proportional to the sum of the charges stored in the four capacitors C_(H0,4), C_(H0,5), C_(H0,6), and C_(H0,7). The sum of four successive samples is thus performed. Simultaneously, or during the next three sampling clock cycles, the charge stored in capacitor C_(I0,0) is read by turning on switch SW_(0,16), then is set back to zero. A similar operation is performed for the other filtering units F₁, F₂, and F₃, with the previously-mentioned sampling clock cycle offset.

In the present embodiment, since stage 30 is directly connected to a decimation stage 32, the control of switches SW_(i,16) and SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, is specific.

In the case where there is no decimaton, the 2M switches SW_(1,16) and SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are connected together to a common node instead of being separated in two groups as in the case shown in FIG. 2. The common node then corresponds to the stage output. Switches SW_(i,16), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are turned on one after the other in four successive cycles and switches SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are turned on one after the other in the next four successive cycles. General stage 30 then provides a new filtered value for each sampling clock cycle.

In the present example where stage 32 corresponds to a terminal decimation stage, the times of reading and resetting of the integration capacitors are different from what has been described in the foregoing paragraph. As in the previous case, the parallel integration of charges at the level of the M integration capacitors C_(Ii,0), with i varying from 0 to M−1, is performed, but with offsets with respect to one another. As an example, at time t₄, an integration of M successive samples is performed at the level of capacitor C_(I0,0). At time t₅, an integration operation with an offset of one sample is performed at the level of capacitor C_(I1,0). At time t₆, an integration operation with an offset of one sample is performed at the level of capacitor C_(I2,0) and finally, at time t₇, an integration operation with an offset of one sample is performed at the level of capacitor C_(I3,0). Once the integration has been performed at the level of capacitor C_(I0,0), the charge is maintained, as well as that on capacitors C_(I1,0) and C_(I2,0), until the integration operation at the level of capacitor C_(I3,0) is performed. At time t₈, switches SW_(i,16), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are then simultaneously turned on, so that the charges on integration capacitors C_(I0,0), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are simultaneously put in common with the next stage. At the same time, an integration operation is performed at the level of capacitor C_(Ii,0), then successively in capacitors C_(I1,1), C_(I2,1), and C_(I3,1), respectively at times t₉, t₁₀, and t₁₁. On integration at the level of capacitor C_(I1,1), the charges stored in capacitors C_(Ii,0), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are set back to zero. At time t₁₂, switches SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are then simultaneously turned on, and capacitors C_(Ii,1), with i varying from 0 to M−1, simultaneously share their charge with the next stage.

The operation of decimation stage 32 is the following. When the M switches SW_(i,16), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are on, the M capacitors C_(Ii,0), with i varying from 0 to M−1, share their charge with capacitor C_(T0). This enables obtaining the sum of the M samples contained in capacitors C_(Ii,0), with i varying from 0 to M−1, by applying a filtering function of SINC type. Since a single sample is provided to output terminal OUT while M samples are received at input terminal IN, a decimation operation is performed. Thus, in two of the next seven cycles, the charge stored in capacitor C_(T0) is read by the turning-on of switch SW_(4,0), then set back to zero (or to a non-zero constant quiescent value). Four clock cycles after the integration operation at the level of capacitor C_(T0), switches SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are turned on. The charge stored in capacitor C_(T1) is then representative of the sum of the charges previously contained in capacitors C_(Ii,1), with i varying from 0 to M−1. In two of the next seven cycles, the charge stored in capacitor C_(T1) is read, then set back to zero (or to a non-zero constant quiescent value).

The present embodiment enables forming a filter only by means of passive components, which enables reducing the power consumption of the filter.

Further, the present embodiment has the following additional advantages.

First, the obtained filtering function is relatively simple since it consists in the arranging in cascade of stages, each performing a running means.

Second, the pulse response of the filter is substantially formed of “1s”, which avoids forming of complex combinations of capacitors with different capacitances.

Third, the filter according to the present embodiment is only slightly sensitive to variations of the filter coefficients.

Fourth, the obtained filtering function is only slightly sensitive to the absolute values of the capacitances of the filter capacitors, since only the capacitance ratio is to be taken into account. It is easier to obtain capacitance ratios of accurate values than to obtain accurate values for the actual capacitances.

Fifth, the order of the filter according to this embodiment of the present invention can be easily increased or decreased. Thus, the attenuation around the filter zeroes can be adjusted according to needs.

Sixth, the frequency response of the filter according to this embodiment of the present invention contains regularly spaced-apart zeroes. The filter is thus particularly capable of preventing a spectrum aliasing with a high rejection at aliasing frequencies. Such a filter is thus particularly well adapted to the implementation of a filtering operation in combination with a decimation operation. It is then sufficient to select the decimation sampling frequency to be equal to the frequency interval between the zeroes of the frequency response of the filter.

According to a variation of this embodiment of the present invention, if the sampling frequency is sufficiently low, the previously-described integration, read, and reset operations may be performed in a single sampling clock cycle. In this case, auxiliary units A_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, of each filtering unit F_(i), may be suppressed.

According to another variation of this embodiment of the present invention, the control signals of the switches, shown in FIG. 3, are set to the high state for a duration equal to one sampling clock cycle. It should be understood that some control signals may be maintained high for a duration greater than that of a sampling cycle. For example, the turning-on of switch SW_(4,0), enabling reading of the charge stored in capacitor C_(T0), may last for more than one clock cycle. Indeed, it may extend over seven clock cycles, one clock cycle being used for the setting back to zero of the charge of capacitor C_(T0). More generally, the time for which the switches are turned on is selected to reach a compromise between the consumption and the radiated noise, the bandwidth of the radiated noise being all the wider as the time for which the switches are turned on is short

According to another alternative embodiment, switches SW_(i,16) and SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are connected to a common node. In this case, this node is connected to capacitors C_(T0) and C_(T1) by two separate switches. When an integration operation must be performed at the level of capacitor C_(T0), that is, on turning-on of switches SW_(i,16), with i varying from 0 to M−1, the switch connecting the common node to capacitor C_(T0) is then on, the switch connecting the common node to capacitor C_(T1) being off. When an integration operation must be performed at the level of capacitor C_(T1), that is, on turning-on of switches SW_(i,17), with i varying from 0 to M−1, the switch connecting the common node to capacitor C_(T1) is then on, the switch connecting the common node to capacitor C_(T0) being off.

The present embodiment has been described for the performing of a filtering and decimation operation. However, a filter, formed of several general filter stages, may be used to perform an interpolation operation. In this case, the first filter stage is replaced with a stage of duplication of the sampled signals received by the filter.

The present embodiment has been described for the performing of a filtering function of SINC type of any order. However, the previously-described filter structure may be adapted to form any finite impulse response filter (FIR).

For this purpose, the previously-described general filter stage structure is kept. More specifically, filter units F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, are identical to one another and for each filter unit F_(i), main unit M_(i) is identical to auxiliary unit A_(i). In other words, for fixed values of i and j, the capacitances of capacitors C_(Hi,j) and C_(Hi,M+j) are identical and for i varying from 0 to M−1, the capacitances of capacitors C_(Hi,j) are identical. However, for main unit M_(i), the capacitances of capacitors C_(Hi,j), with j varying from 0 to M−1, are selected to be different from one another.

To obtain any finite pulse response filter, it is necessary to provide this filter with a charge stored in an input capacitor.

FIG. 4 shows an example of the forming of a circuit enabling providing the filter with a charge stored in a capacitor. The circuit comprises a first input capacitor C_(IN1) having a terminal connected to ground GND. The other terminal of input capacitor C_(IN1) is connected to the output of current source/via a switch SW_(RF1) controlled by signal S_(RF1) and to input terminal IN via a switch SW_(RF2) controlled by signal S_(RF2). The circuit comprises a second input capacitor C_(IN2) having a terminal connected to ground GND. The other terminal of input capacitor C_(IN2) is connected to the output of current source I via a switch SW_(RF3) controlled by signal S_(RF3) and to input terminal IN via a switch SW_(RF4) controlled by signal S_(RF4). Capacitors C_(IN1) and C_(IN2) have the same capacitance C_(IN). Switches SW_(RF1), SW_(RF2), SW_(RF3), and SW_(RF4) are controlled so that at one sampling clock cycle, capacitor C_(IN1) is connected to the output of current source I while capacitor C_(IN2) is connected to input terminal IN, and that at the next sampling clock cycle, capacitor C_(IN2) is connected to the output of current source I while capacitor C_(IN1) is connected to input terminal IN. The circuit also comprises means, not shown, for setting to zero or to a constant non-zero quiescent value the charge stored in each capacitor C_(IN1) and C_(IN2) after a reading through input terminal IN.

In the case of a filter with several stages, the input capacitors of a stage of the filter other than the first stage correspond to the integration capacitors of the previous stage.

At each clock cycle, for each filtering unit F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, a switch SW_(i,2j), with j varying from 0 to M−1, is turned on. One of input capacitors C_(IN1), C_(IN2) is thus simultaneously connected to M head capacitors of the filter stage. The final charge stored in each head capacitor is then proportional to the product of its capacitance and of the charge initially stored in the input capacitor. A sampling operation being subsequently performed at the level of capacitor C_(Ii,0) or C_(Ii,1) over M successive samples stored at the level of filtering unit F_(i), such a stage performs a filtering function having the following z transform:

${H(z)} = {\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{M - 1}{a_{j}z^{- 1}}}$

where coefficient a_(j) is proportional to the capacitance of capacitor C_(Hi,M-1-j). The expression of a_(j) is given by the following relation:

$a_{j} = \frac{C_{{Hi},{M - 1 - j}}}{C_{IN} + {\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{j = {M - 1}}C_{{Hi},j}}}$

By this method, the obtained coefficients a_(j) are positive. To obtain negative coefficients, it is sufficient to reverse the biasing of the corresponding head capacitor C_(Hi,j) in the read operation.

FIG. 5 illustrates, as an example, an alternative embodiment of the filter providing a negative coefficient a₂. Only main unit M₀ of filtering unit F₀ is shown in FIG. 5, the structure of the other auxiliary and main units being the same. The terminal of capacitor C_(H0,1) connected to ground GND is also connected to switch SW_(0,3) and the terminal of capacitor C_(H0,1) connected to switch SW_(0,2) is also connected to ground GND via an additional switch SW′_(0,3) controlled by signal S′_(0,3). For the reading of the charge stored in capacitor C_(H0,1), signals S′_(0,3) and S_(0,3) are set to a high level. The inverse of the charge stored in capacitor C_(H0,1) is thus shared with integration capacitor C_(I0,0).

By providing several stages in cascade, any filter FIR can thus be obtained.

In the forming of any finite impulse response filter, the capacitances of capacitors C_(Hi,j), with i varying from 0 to M−1 and j varying from 0 to 2M−1, are different. It may however be desirable for the capacitance seen from the input to be constant. An additional capacitor is then added, in parallel with each capacitor C_(Hi,j), so that the sum of the capacitance of capacitor C_(Hi,j) and of the capacitance of the additional associated capacitor is constant and identical for each capacitor C_(Hi,j)—additional capacitor pair, for i varying from 0 to M−1 and j varying from 0 to 2M−1. When capacitor C_(Hi,j) is connected to input terminal IN, the associated additional capacitor also is. However, only capacitor C_(Hi,j) is connected to the associated integration capacitor C_(Ii,0) or C_(Ii,1) to obtain the previously-described function.

Further, the previously-described filter structure may be adapted to form almost any infinite impulse response filter (IIR filter). Several modifications to the structure of the general filter stage structure may be provided to add poles to the frequency response of the filter.

A first modification consists, for each filtering unit F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, of not setting back to zero the charge stored at the level of integration capacitor C_(Ii,0) or C_(Ii,1). This amounts to multiplying the z transform of the general filter stage with the following recursive term H′:

${H^{\prime}(z)} = {{\frac{\alpha\; z^{- 1}}{1 - {\alpha\; z^{- M}}}\mspace{14mu}{with}\mspace{14mu}\alpha} = \frac{1}{1 + {M\;\frac{C_{H}}{C_{I}}}}}$ where C_(H) is the capacitance, identical in the case of a SINC filter, of capacitors C_(Hi,j), with j varying from 0 to 2M−1, and C_(I) is the capacitance of integration capacitor C_(Ii,0) or C_(Ii,1). A recursive term may be added to each filter stage, where the recursive term can be modified for each filter stage by the selection of ratio C_(H)/C_(I), which may be different for each filter stage.

FIG. 6 illustrates a second modification which consists, for each filtering unit F_(i), with i varying from 0 to M−1, of providing an additional capacitor C_(Ai) connected in parallel to capacitors C_(Hi,j), with i varying from 0 to M−1, of main unit M_(i), and to capacitors C_(Hi,j), with j varying from 0 to 2M−1, of auxiliary unit A_(i). Capacitors C_(Ai), with i varying from 0 to M−1, have the same capacitance C_(A). In FIG. 6, only filtering unit F₀ is shown as an example, the other units having a similar structure. A terminal of additional capacitor C_(A0) is connected to ground GND. The other terminal of capacitor C_(A0) is connected, via a switch SW_(A0,0), controlled by signal S_(A0,0), to the terminal of each capacitor C_(H0,0), C_(H0,1), C_(H0,2), and C_(H0,3) not connected to ground GND and is connected, via a switch SW_(A0,1), controlled by signal S_(A0,1), to the terminal of each capacitor C_(H0,4), C_(H0,5), C_(H0,6), and C_(H0,7) not connected to ground GND. The switches associated with additional capacitor C_(Ai) are controlled so that additional capacitor C_(Ai) is connected, at a given time, only to the capacitors of one of units M_(i) or A_(i), which is then connected to input terminal IN of the filter and not to the head capacitors of the other unit M_(i) or A_(i), which then takes part in an operation of integration at the level of the integration capacitor or of setting back to zero of the head capacitor charges. The charge of capacitor C_(Ai) is never set back to zero. This amounts to multiplying the z transform of the filter stage by the following recursive term H′:

${H^{\prime}(z)} = {{\frac{\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)\; z^{- 1}}{1 - {\alpha\; z^{- 1}}}\mspace{14mu}{with}\mspace{14mu}\alpha} = \frac{C_{A}}{C_{A} + C_{H}}}$

FIG. 7 illustrates a third modification, which consists of providing an additional capacitor C_(B) having a terminal connected to ground GND and its other terminal permanently connected to input terminal IN. The charge of capacitor C_(B) is never set back to zero. This amounts to multiplying the z transform of the filter stage by the following recursive term H″:

${H^{''}(z)} = {{\frac{\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)\; z^{- 1}}{1 - {\alpha\; z^{- 1}}}\mspace{14mu}{with}\mspace{14mu}\alpha} = \frac{C_{B}^{\prime}}{C_{B}^{\prime} + {MC}_{H}}}$ where C′_(B) is the capacitance of additional capacitor C_(B). To obtain the same pole as with the second previously-described modification, it is sufficient to select a capacitor C_(B) having a capacitance C′_(B) which is M times as large as the previously-mentioned capacitance C_(A). The size of the circuit obtained with capacitor C_(B) of capacitance M*C_(A) is thus substantially the same as that which is obtained with M capacitors C_(Ai), with i varying from 0 to M−1, of capacitance C_(A). However, as compared to the second previously-described modification, 2M switches are spared. The obtained circuit is thus simpler, less noisy and less consuming than that obtained with the second modification.

FIG. 8 shows an example of the forming of a circuit which, more generally, enables adding a single pole to a stage of the filter. Single-pole circuit 40 may be added before or after a filter stage. Single-pole circuit 40 comprises two capacitors C₁ and C₂ of respective capacitance C′₁ and C′₂. A terminal of capacitor C₁ is connected to ground GND and the other terminal of capacitor C₁ is connected to an input terminal IN′ via a switch SW₁ controlled by signal S₁. A terminal of capacitor C₂ is connected to ground GND and the other terminal of capacitor C₂ is connected to the junction point of capacitor C₁ and switch SW₁ via a switch SW₂ controlled by signal S₂. The junction point of switch SW₂ and capacitor C₂ is connected to an output terminal OUT′ via a switch SW₃ controlled by signal S₃. The junction point of switch SW₂ and of capacitor C₂ is connected to ground GND via a switch SW₄ controlled by signal S₄.

Switches SW₁ to SW₄ to are controlled to set to zero (or to a constant non-zero quiescent value) the charge stored in capacitor C₂ after reading of this charge, on each sampling clock pulse, while the charge stored in capacitor C₁ is never set back to zero. The z transform H′ of such a single-pole circuit is the following:

${H^{\prime}(z)} = {{\frac{\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)\; z^{- 1}}{\left( {1 - {\alpha\; z^{- 1}}} \right)}\mspace{14mu}{where}\mspace{14mu}\alpha} = \frac{C_{1}^{\prime}}{C_{1}^{\prime} + C_{2}^{\prime}}}$

By assembling in cascade any FIR filter, such as described previously, with as many single-pole circuits as necessary, almost any FIR filter is obtained. The only restriction is that one cannot, in this manner, obtain a filter having conjugated complex poles, nor real positive pulses.

FIG. 9 illustrates a variation of the circuit of FIG. 8. In addition to the components of circuit 40 shown in FIG. 8, single-pole circuit 50 comprises a capacitor C₃ having a terminal connected to ground GND and having its other terminal connected to the junction point of capacitor C₁ and switch SW₁ via a switch SW₅ controlled by signal S₅. The junction points of switch SW₅ and capacitor C₃ is connected to output terminal OUT′ via a switch SW₆ controlled by signal S₆. The junction point of switch SW₅ and capacitor C₃ is connected to ground GND via a switch SW₇ controlled by signal S7. Capacitor C₃ is alternately used instead of capacitor C₂, with a periodicity of two sampling clock pulses. This enables reading and setting back to zero (or to a non-zero constant quiescent value) the charge stored in capacitor C₂ (respectively, C₃) while capacitor C₃ (respectively, C₂) is charged from input terminal IN′.

According to the sampling frequency, an additional capacitor C₄ (not shown) assembled similarly to capacitors C₂ and C₃ may be provided. While one of capacitors C₂, C₃, or C₄ is charged, the charge stored by the next capacitor is read and the charge stored by the last capacitor is set back to zero (or to a constant non-zero quiescent value). Each of the capacitors plays the same role with a circular rotation of the roles and a periodicity of three clock pulses.

Of course, the present invention is likely to have various alterations, modifications, and improvements which will readily occur to those skilled in the art. In particular, in the previously-described embodiments, the switches are formed by means of MOS transistors. However, the switches could be formed differently, for example, via bipolar transistors.

Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting. The present invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto. 

1. A filter intended to receive, on an input terminal, a discrete time signal at a sampling clock frequency, comprising at least one filtering stage comprising a determined number, greater than 2, of filtering units, each filtering unit comprising: head capacitors in a number equal to the determined number, assembled in parallel between the input terminal and the terminal of an integration capacitor connected to an output terminal of the filtering stage; and means for connecting, in successive clock cycles in a number equal to the determined number, successively each head capacitor to the input terminal, and for then simultaneously connecting the head capacitors to the integration capacitor, and wherein the successive clock cycles during which the head capacitors of a filtering unit are connected to the input terminal are offset by one clock cycle from one filtering unit to the next one.
 2. The filter of claim 1, comprising means for successively connecting each integration capacitor to the output terminal at the sampling frequency.
 3. The filter of claim 1, further comprising, for each filtering unit, a decimation stage connected to the output terminal of the filtering stage, and comprising a capacitor, the filtering stage comprising means for simultaneously connecting the integration capacitors to the capacitor of the decimation stage.
 4. The filter of claim 1, comprising for each filtering unit means for setting to a determined constant value the charge stored in each head capacitor after the head capacitors are connected to the integration capacitor.
 5. The filter of claim 4, comprising, for each filtering unit, an additional capacitor assembled in parallel with the head capacitors, and means, during all the successive clock cycles in which the head capacitors are connected to the input terminal, for connecting the additional capacitor to the input terminal, the charge stored in the additional capacitor being not set back to zero after the head capacitors are connected to the integration capacitor.
 6. The filter of claim 1, wherein the capacitances of the head capacitors are identical for all filtering units, said filtering stage performing an unweighted running means filtering.
 7. The filter of claim 1, comprising, for each filtering unit, means for setting to a determined constant value the charge stored in the integration capacitor after the integration capacitor is connected to the output terminal.
 8. The filter of claim 1, wherein, for each filtering unit the capacitances of the head capacitors are different, the filtering units being identical, said filtering stage performing a weighted running means filtering.
 9. The filter of claim 1, comprising, for at least one head capacitor of each filtering unit, means for, when said head capacitor is connected simultaneously with the other head capacitors of the filtering unit to the integration capacitor of the filtering unit, providing the integration capacitor with the inverse of the charge of the head capacitor.
 10. The filter of claim 1, comprising a single additional capacitor comprising a terminal connected to the input terminal and another terminal connected to a reference voltage source, the charge stored in the single additional capacitor being not set back to a determined constant value during the filter operation.
 11. The filter of claim 1, comprising, for each filtering unit: auxiliary head capacitors in a number equal to the determined number, assembled in parallel between the input terminal and the terminal of an auxiliary integration capacitor connected to an auxiliary output terminal of the filtering stage; and means for, in the successive clock cycles in a number equal to the determined number which follow the successive clock cycles in which the head capacitors are connected to the input terminal, successively connecting each auxiliary head capacitor to the input terminal, and for then simultaneously connecting the auxiliary head capacitors to the auxiliary integration capacitor.
 12. A cell receptor, such as a GSM cell receptor or a WCDMA cell receptor, comprising at least one filter according to claim
 1. 13. A filter, comprising: an input node adapted to receive a discrete time signal; at least two filtering circuits, each filtering circuit including, a plurality of head capacitors, each head capacitor including a first node adapted to receive a reference voltage and including a second node; a first switching circuit coupled between second nodes of the head capacitors and the input node and adapted to receive a first clocking signal having a corresponding period, the first switching circuit operable to sequentially couple the second nodes of the head capacitors to the input node responsive to the first clocking signal, the second nodes being sequentially coupled at a rate corresponding to the period of the first clocking signal and the first clocking signal applied to each filtering circuit being offset by one period relative to the first clocking signal applied to the adjacent filtering circuit; an integration capacitor having a first node adapted to receive a reference voltage and a second node; a second switching circuit coupled between the second nodes of the head capacitors and the second node of the integration capacitor and adapted to receive a second clocking signal, the second switching circuit operable to simultaneously couple the second nodes of the head capacitors to the second node of the integration capacitor responsive to the second clocking signal.
 14. The filter of claim 13 wherein each filtering circuit further comprises a third switching circuit coupled between the second node of the integration capacitor and an output node, each third switching circuit adapted to receive a third clocking signal and the third switching circuits operable in parallel to simultaneously couple the nodes of the respective integration capacitors to the output node responsive to the third clocking signal.
 15. The filter of claim 13 wherein each of the head capacitors comprises a single capacitive element.
 16. The filter of claim 13 wherein each filter circuit includes X head capacitors and wherein the first switching circuit comprises X MOS transistors coupled respectively in parallel between the second nodes of the head capacitors and the input node, and wherein the first clocking signal comprises X respective clocking signals applied to the respective MOS transistors, each such clocking signal being offset by one period relative to one another.
 17. The filter of claim 13 wherein the values of the head capacitors are equal for each filtering circuit.
 18. The filter of claim 13 wherein the values of the head capacitors within each filtering circuit are different and are the same among the filtering circuits.
 19. An electronic system, comprising: electronic circuitry including a filter, the filter including, an input node adapted to receive a discrete time signal; at least two filtering circuits, each filtering circuit including, a plurality of head capacitors, each head capacitor including a first node adapted to receive a reference voltage and including a second node; a first switching circuit coupled between second nodes of the head capacitors and the input node and adapted to receive a first clocking signal having a corresponding period, the first switching circuit operable to sequentially couple the second nodes of the head capacitors to the input node responsive to the first clocking signal, the second nodes being sequentially coupled at a rate corresponding to the period of the first clocking signal and the first clocking signal applied to each filtering circuit being offset by one period relative to the first clocking signal applied to the adjacent filtering circuit; an integration capacitor having a first node adapted to receive a reference voltage and a second node; a second switching circuit coupled between the second nodes of the head capacitors and the second node of the integration capacitor and adapted to receive a second clocking signal, the second switching circuit operable to simultaneously couple the second nodes of the head capacitors to the second node of the integration capacitor responsive to the second clocking signal.
 20. The electronic system of claim 19 wherein the electronic circuitry comprises a cellular receiver.
 21. The electronic system of claim 20 wherein the cellular receiver comprises a GSM or WCDMA type receiver.
 22. A method of filtering a discrete time signal formed by sequential samples obtained at a sampling rate, comprising: receiving a current for each sample, the current of each sample being proportional to a voltage value of the sample; converting for each sample the current to a corresponding charge; storing the converted charge at one of a plurality of charge storage nodes; integrating the charge stored on all the plurality of charge storage nodes to develop an integrated charge; storing the integrated charge on an interim node; wherein the operations of receiving a current through storing the integrated charge define a filtering path and the method further including, performing at least two filtering paths in parallel on the samples of the discrete time signal, wherein a clocking signal is applied to each filtering path to define a rate at which the current of each sample is received and the rate at which each current is converted to a corresponding charge, and wherein the clocking signals applied to all the filtering paths have the same period but an offset of one period or clock cycle from one filtering path to a next filtering path.
 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising: integrating the charge stored on the interim node of each filtering path to develop an output charge; and storing the output charge on an output node.
 24. The method of claim 22 wherein within each filtering path the charge stored on the charge storage nodes is weighted differently for each charge storage node within each filtering path, with the weightings being the same for each filtering path. 